Rise of Stalin

Essay Topic: â€Å"People can be swept along by events, whilst others use events to their advantage† How accurate is this statement in relation to the rise of power of either Joseph Stalin or Benito Mussolini? Joseph Stalin’s rise to power in relation to the statement â€Å"People can be swept along by events, whilst others use events to their advantage† is that of the latter when taking a look at how he was able to rise to the position of dictator of the Soviet Union.Stalin meticulously plotted his way into power using influential events, such as the occurrence of his promotion to General Secretary in which he displayed political skills to manipulate political situations, and also the influential post of liaising between Lenin and the Politburo with great success. Though his ascent to the leadership of the Soviet Union was neither easy nor inevitable, Stalin’s success was not an accident. He had tactics in place to gain the position, and Lenin’s de ath was the most major of all events that Stalin used to his advantage to take power.Relative to the statement, Stalin climbed the political ranks by being a loyal supporter and member to the Bolshevik party. Stalin, born in Georgia, and educated at Tiflis Theological College until he was expelled in 1899 for his revolutionary ideas, had joined Lenin's party as early as 1903 and thus was one of the Old Guard among Bolsheviks. To begin with, Stalin was one of Lenin’s favourites, and in 1912, Lenin, appointed him to serve on the first Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. SparkNotes, 27/2/13) Stalin worked his way up the political ranks of the communist Bolshevik Party, gaining respect for doing many of the dirty jobs that no-one else wanted such as robbing banks to fund the Bolshevik Party . Between 1917 and 1922, Lenin gave Stalin three key jobs, People’s Commissar for Nationalities, Head of Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, and Liaison Officer whi ch gave him a position of some importance amongst the party. However, in 1922, what can now be described as his most influential appointment to occur, Stalin was chosen to be General Secretary of the Communist Party. JohndClare, 27/2/13) His appointment to General Secretary was the most important occurrence in the buildup to Stalin’s battle for power as was the view of British Marxist Historian Edward Carr, who believed the rise of Stalin was due to the Party and the post as General Secretary. At the time this event appeared insignificant, most members in the party saw the job as quite dull and unimportant, but Stalin used it to his advantage with great success. (JohndClare, 1/3/13) The position gave him benefits which allowed him to influence the direction of the Communist Party.The General Secretary position gave Stalin the power to expel or appoint people to posts, and control membership, therefore allowing Stalin to surround himself in the party with his supporters and re move those loyal to his enemies. He had accumulated enormous power into his hands. However, by 1923 Lenin’s thoughts had differed, he had become worried about Stalin, describing him as too brutal and self-serving â€Å"†¦ I am not sure that he will always know how to use that power with sufficient caution. † Fortunately for Stalin, he remained General Secretary until and beyond Lenin’s death.Without the post, Stalin would have found it near impossible to gain enough supporters and authority in order to rise to the heights of power. (Reed, 1967) Stalin was an opportunist, and the deterioration and then death of Lenin surfaced the important question as to who would succeed him. When Lenin died, it created a confused and uncertain atmosphere to the party, however, Stalin was ready. Not only had Stalin claimed to be the true heir of the master’s legacy at Lenin’s funeral, but he also used Lenin’s death to emulate the glow of Lenin’s achievements by skilfully manipulating the dead leader’s legacy for his own ends. Suite101, 4/3/13) This event provided the chance for Stalin to ride on the movement of popular enthusiasm for Lenin and his accomplishments. Though, despite having an accomplished political position, and having effectively executed his tactics of surrounding himself with his supporters, Stalin’s quest for power was hampered by the revelation in Lenin’s Testament â€Å"I suggest the comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post and appointing another man. † Through this revelation, Lenin’s death was the time for Stalin to put his plans into practice.Succession of Lenin would be achieved at the defeat of his insufficient political rivals. He would do this by out-manoeuvring them through political brilliance and ruthlessness. Everybody expected Trotsky the incredible leader of the Red Army would take over the leadership. (Reed, 1967) Stalin and Trotsky wer e therefore in competition for leadership as Trotsky was his main challenge. Their rivalry moved from relatively minor antagonisms and jealousies to bitter competition for the role of Lenin's successor. (Pereira, 1992) Stalin furthermore used his additional jobs such as networking between Lenin and the Politburo when Lenin was ill.This meant that he controlled access to Lenin, and in doing so was able to send Trotsky the wrong date for Lenin’s funeral. Trotsky’s noted absence from Lenin’s funeral resulted in him being depicted as an arrogant character, and consequently Trotsky’s colleagues overlooked his excellent leadership for his big-headed attitude. Stalin therefore formed an alliance with left wing Zinoviev and Kamenev to cover up Lenin’s testament and get Trotsky dismissed in 1925. He then jumped ships to rightist side and encouraged ‘Socialism in one country’ as opposed to ‘World Socialism’ which resulted in the dis missal of Zinoviev and Kamenev.Lastly, he used the General Secretary position to argue that the New Economic Policy was against communism, leading to the dismissal of the right wing Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky. (JohndClare, 5/3/13) Stalin’s political cleverness was the difference between him and his rivals as viewed by historian Chris Ward, â€Å"Trotsky and Bukharin might win the argument, but Stalin invariably won the vote†. Stalin had longed to be a hero and leader, (Reed, 1967) so he used everything he had to his greatest advantage â€Å"He’s not an intellectual like the other people you will meet †¦ but he knows what he wants.He’s got willpower, and he’s going to be on top of the pile someday† as viewed in Author John Reed’s seemingly accurate prediction on the outcome of Stalin. (Reed, 1919, 96) Stalin gained office after office, as he climbed the political ladder, though not until 1929 had he consolidated his position as he ad of the Communist Party. His ambition and highly calculated approach was a major factor to securing power. Though most importantly, his ascent to leadership was based on the various positions he held in the party and his ability to use them as an edge over his opponents with great skill at the death of his predecessor.His desire to become leader of the Soviet Union was developed by his appointment to General Secretary. However, the death of Lenin opened the door for opportunity. Stalin was an opportunist. He was able to rise to the power how he did because he recognised the importance of each event as they came, and used them to his own advantage. Bibliography: Internet * Stalin Takes Power, accessed 28. 2. 13 http://www. johndclare. net/Russ9. htm * Brett Reed,  European History, 1967, accessed 28. 2. 13 http://www. johndclare. net/Russ_Rev_Brett. htm Infoplease, The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Copyright  © 2011, Columbia University Press, http://www. infoplease. com/en cyclopedia/people/stalin-joseph-vissarionovich-rise-to-power. html * SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Joseph Stalin. † 2005. http://www. sparknotes. com/biography/stalin/ accessed February 27. 2. 13 * Moreorless, Joseph Stalin, Last modified 21 January 2013, accessed 4. 3. 13 http://www. moreorless. au. com/killers/stalin. html * Alan Kinghorn, Suite101, January 30 2011, accessed 4. 3. 13 http://suite101. om/article/stalin-and-the-battle-to-succeed-lenin-a340177 * Norman Pereira, HistoryToday, Stalin and the communist Party in the 1920s, Published 1992, Viewed 9. 3. 13, http://www. historytoday. com/norman-pereira/stalin-and-communist-party-1920s Books * Josh Brooman, 1994, Russia and the USSR: Empire of Revolution, Longman Group Limited, Essex * John Reed, 1919, Ten Days that shook the World, 1919, Boni & Liveright, New York * Dean Smart, 1998, Russia under Lenin and Stalin, Stanley Thornes, Ellenborough * Steve Phillips, 2000, Lenin and the Russian Revolution, Heinema nn

Constitution Compromises Essay

To the founders of the new American nation, it was important to make sure all states of the union stayed together. To ensure no states succeeded, many compromises were made in the ratification of the constitution, including those regarding representation and slavery, which allowed the majority of the population to be content and successfully governed the nations. Although the state’s populations were unequal, they all wanted their fair share of say in the government; the problem was they couldn’t decide what that fair share was. Their decision to create a bicameral government satisfied both the sparsely and densely populated states. The smaller states got their representation by the Senate, while the larger states got their wishes fulfilled by the House of Representatives. This compromise was ultimately for the better, being that a bicameral system has perks associated with it. For instance, a dual representation situation increases the chance that representatives have direct contact with the citizens, thus representing their population better. The two houses ultimately better served their country and resolved a conflict as well. Slavery was also an issue that saw a lot of dispute. Generally, Abolitionists in the North wanted to abolish slavery completely; however, this didn’t sit right with the South, whose economy desperately depended on slaves to flourish. There were two compromises about slavery. The first compromise ended the slave trade, and the second addressed the accounting of slaves in a state’s population for the census, as well as taxes. Being that the northern views were already stepping on the South’s toes, they couldn’t afford any clash to bring about talk of a separation from the union. Their decision to account 3/5 of a slave when apportioning taxes and representatives favored neither side in this dispute. This was for the better in that the southern states couldn’t really argue with the decision and stayed with the Union. Because the compromises that were made in the making of the constitution aimed to please, they worked by ensuring all states were happy, thus more likely to listen to the government and stay in the union.

Summer Programs at U of Colorado Boulder for High Schoolers

The University of Colorado Boulder (CU Boulder) is not just a prestigious university; it’s also the setting for some terrific summer programs for high school students. Not only does the city of Boulder offer a wide array of activities such as hiking and enjoying nature, but the programs give you a rigorous yet rewarding pre-college experience. You’ll discover what college life is like at CU Boulder during unchaperoned programs and, in some cases, will even be able to earn college credit to jump-start your education. What can you gain from a summer program at CU Boulder, and what are your options? Find out why you should participate in a summer program at CU Boulder and discover the right niche for you. Colleges want to see you spend your summers doing something meaningful and furthering your goals. Some students pursue internships, part-time work, volunteer opportunities, or other activities. While these activities enable you to explore your interests and even potentially earn wages, summer programs are unique in that they also give you a taste of college life. In a summer program, students can experience campus life firsthand by living in a dorm, taking college-level courses, and engaging with faculty in their field of interest. You’ll make connections with peers, pursue your passions in a new environment, and have access to the host college’s unique resources and facilities. Not only will you enjoy the freedom you’ll experience as a college student, but you’ll also get a head start on facing the rigors and challenges of college-level work. CU Boulder offers a variety of credit and noncredit pre-college programs for students looking to get a deep dive on an academic area of their choice. These programs vary in cost and length and many offer both residential and commuter options. (Note: prices are approximated and vary based on whether the student is a residential or commuter participant.) Delve into the world of astronomy, physics, mathematics, and scientific programming. Through this program, you’ll have the exciting opportunity to perform astronomical work and observations in teams. Students will learn about the celestial coordinate system and create â€Å"observing proposals,† before going on nightly â€Å"observing runs.† Final observations are submitted to the Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union. Ready to apply? You can find the application here. Deep dive into different topics within science, engineering, technology and mathematics during this two-week noncredit intensive. Each of the CU Boulder STEM Academies encourages students to perform hands-on laboratory and field work in the curriculum option of their choice. Learn more about the Academies here , and apply via the application . (Note: financial aid/scholarship information is not available for this particular program.) Aerospace Aeronautics and Astronomy Area of specialization: Engineering Area of specialization: Engineering Area of specialization: Life Sciences/Biology Area of specialization: Life Sciences/Biology Area of specialization: Computer Science Explore the research process by working directly with CU faculty and graduate students over the course of this four-week program. You’ll also have the option of participating in a weekly Research Methods course to build your skills. Ready to apply? You can find the application here. Band, orchestra, and piano students will receive world-class instruction by faculty members, graduate students, and guest conductors and artists. Students are placed in either the wind ensemble or string orchestra in this one-week program. They will also have the opportunity to participate in electives aimed at preparing them for college-level music degree programs. Financial aid/scholarship available: Yes Ready to apply? You can find the application here. (Note: As part of the application process, students are required to submit materials including an excerpt of their music attesting to tone quality and technical ability.) Does your child need help finding and applying to summer programs? Consider the benefits of the Mentorship Program , which helps students build their portfolios with the best activities and provides access to practical advice on topics from college admissions to career aspirations, all from successful college students.  

What Are The Concepts Upon Which Laissez Faire Is Based Essay

What Are The Concepts Upon Which Laissez Faire Is Based - Essay Example Established in the 18th century, the concept of laissez-faire was used in order to oppose any government intervention in business affairs. Vincent De Gournay further popularized the phrase as he was completely in favor of the removal of restrictions on trade and industry in the country as well as deregulation of industry; he gave rise to the phrase â€Å"laissez faire et laissez passer† referring to the commercial workers; it can be translated as â€Å"let do and let pass†. The French phrase even found place in England later in the 18th century with respect to protests for bringing about free trade and non-interference or non-intervention by the government. Later, James Mill and Jeremy Bentham were users of the term, bringing about a wider range of understandings among economists and students alike. It must be understood that the concept of laissez-faire applies not only to economics but also to lifestyle. People desired to lead their lives without governmental interven tion or social regulations, which led to restrictions in many situations. The policy thus applies to individual and governmental or industrial affairs and proposes capitalism, entrepreneurship, and competition among producers to satisfy consumer preferences in order to achieve maximum possible freedom. In Western Europe during the 18th century it was believed that the natural economic order brought maximum wellbeing for the majority of citizens when it was untouched by regulations or adjustments. At the time, there were pioneer economists in France who were known as the Physiocrats, and they led to the primary development of the theory of laissez-faire, which emphasized on non-interference with commercial ventures in order to protect the interests of those yearning to set up their own empires. â€Å"The most important and influential proponent of laissez-faire capitalism, however, was the 18th-century Scottish economist Adam Smith, who believed that individual welfare was more impo rtant than national power. In his book The Wealth of Nations (1776), he advocated a policy of free trade so that the â€Å"invisible hand† of competition could act as an economic regulator. Smith's advocacy of private enterprise as the best stimulus to equitable distribution of wealth gained increasing support in the early 19th century, partly because of the wave of libertarian revolution sweeping Europe and the U.S. His theories were further developed by the British economists David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill.† (â€Å"Laissez-faire versus Government  Intervention†) Laissez-faire could be understood as being equivalent of a free market concept, where the government has little or no say in the matters of private owners. Such a market allows private ownership to flourish and leaves room for creativity. In countries where the concept is not followed, the government tends to regulate market affairs by either subsidizing local industries or imposing certain tariff s and restrictions on carrying out free trade. This is done mainly for the demand and the supply level to reach a particular point at which they are equivalent so as to meet the needs of individuals. The concept of laissez-faire thus may not be carried out in countries where the government is required in order to keep in check the needs of the consumers, for example in underdeveloped or certain developing nations around the world (Cunningham 213-214). In countries like China, for example, monopoly has been held by the government in terms of trade and commerce since the Song and Ming dynasties even though some control has been given to private owners. In

Training Programme for Production Manager Assignment

Training Programme for Production Manager - Assignment Example Top-Toy AS is a multinational company headquartered in Denmark with offices and outlets in Finland. This company produces and markets toys in many countries. In order to reduce manufacturing/production costs Top-Toy AS has moved its production of some toys to China. Top-Toy AS has also begun a new policy of shipping its products directly to its distributors in various countries rather than to Denmark to eliminate some of the costs of getting the product to market. Top-Toy has positioned a manager in China to facilitate communication between its headquarters and the manufacturing plant in China. One of the tasks of the China based manager is to help establish Top-Toy's global organizational culture that has made Top-Toy so successful in other markets. The managerial position in China is a three-year posting of an employee from either the Denmark headquarters or their Finland branch. This is a highly sought after post because it increases the value of the employee to Top-Toy AS and alm ost assures that employee a promotion upon their return to Europe. Top-Toy AS's challenge has been to set up an appropriate training programme for prospective managers. The prospective manager chosen for the next three year rotation is Finland native Frans Gustafsson (hypothetical character). Frans is a thirty-five year old married man with two young sons. Frans attended university in the United Kingdom and holds an MA degree. His native language is Finnish and he also has a good command of the English language. Frans' wife Hanna and his two sons Bo and Luukas will accompany him on his rotation. He has one year before his rotation begins and must use that time wisely to prepare. Frans is in luck! Top-Toy AS has developed a training programme for its managers. Frans will complete the training programme with an alternate candidate (chosen in case Frans can't go) who is first in line for the following rotation. The men's wives have been invited to attend various portions of the training programme as well. The first issue to be addressed are the language skills the Fran's will need to communicate with his Chinese counter parts. Both couples were provided with a programme called "RosettaStone level one Chinese that claims that you can "Learn a language naturally with Dynamic Immersion" (Rosetta Stone website). Both couples were also enrolled in an intensive Chinese language and culture course at the University of Helsinki. A very important part of the course at the university is a study in the cultural differences that exist when conducting business. Frans, and the others, were encouraged to focus on the cultural differences that exist between Chinese workers and Scandinavian workers. In China, managerial relationships with workers have traditionally focused on relationships and family backgrounds. The factory took care of your family while you worked hard for the factory (Su Yi, pg 1.). In contrast, western European managerial/worker relationships are based upon qualifications, compete ncy, and performance. Fran's, and the others, have to learn how to effectively manage in the Chinese workplace. Frans, and his alternate, will communicate frequently with the current manager in China to get a feel for the managerial style that is currently being used at the factory. Both

The Effect of Management Style on Employee Behavior Essay

The Effect of Management Style on Employee Behavior - Essay Example Moreover, such theories and styles have been classified into distinct areas depending upon the time of evolution and the line of thought followed. For example, the theories pertaining to scientific management is now considered as traditional theories and is not taken seriously now. Other theories have been classified as motivational, while still others have been classified on the basis of style. The important and influential ones are discussed here briefly. Traditional theories of leadership were the ones that evolved during the beginning of the twentieth century and practically came about to increase productivity of labourers during the industrial revolution. What is to be noted that such theories were considered to be too inhuman and were replaced to a large extent by those that are attuned towards the needs and feelings of employees. The two influential theorists at that time were Frederick Winslow Taylor and Max Weber. 1.1.1.1 Taylor’s scientific management theory: Taylor’s observations about management and work practices made huge impression during the time his theory of scientific management was published. He changed the arbitrary or rule of thumb practices (lack of standardization or scientific approach) adopted by organizations of the time. Each organization had their own ways of management and production which was very wasteful by modern day standards and Taylor could bring about a great change in this regard. Taylor brought in some rules that are even followed today. His approach required a strong hierarchy of command, responsibility, compensation based on productivity, separation of planning and other processes, and specialization of labour. He also brought in the concept of management by exception where routine matters were left to low and middle level management and only exceptional matters be brought to the attention of the top management. Many of his concepts are still in use today thought not necessarily in its original

Disaster Recovery Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disaster Recovery - Assignment Example The malware was discovered by Kaspersky lab technicians and who unearthed the stream of bank robberies through hacking that have been going on (Sanger & Perlroth, 2015). This banking disaster in several banks online is an indication of the lack of a disaster recovery plan in place and especially the one which acts as a preventive plan. If any of the hacked banks had enacted a preventive disaster recovery plan in place, this incidence would not have affected them. It would also have been detected earlier than it was and much of the already lost money would have been prevented. A disaster recovery prevention plan ensures that any attempt at hacking of the banking systems let alone hacking for a period of two to four months to simply get feedback through video feeds from employees’ computers would have been detected and prevented or dealt with (Whitman & Mattord 148). There is dire need to correct this is the banks hope to beat this gang as well as prevent such future incidences. Sanger, David & Nicole Perlroth. Bank Hackers Steal Millions via Malware. The New York Times, February 14th 2015. Retrieved from

Law - Responsibility to Protect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law - Responsibility to Protect - Essay Example During this occasion, all member states agreed to be held accountable for crimes against humanity such as mass killings, genocide, and ethnic cleansing. The principle of R2P is anchored on the responsibility of the state to protect its population from large-scale man-made atrocities. When the state is either incapable of or unwilling to fulfil this obligation, then the responsibility passes to the international community. The latter should first explore diplomatic persuasion and other similarly peaceful avenues to avert or arrest the catastrophe. Should these means fail, then the use of coercive force is justified in order to intervene in the interest of the oppressed population (America, 2009). Since the launching of R2P, there have been instances where countries were clearly remiss in the observance of this accountability. There had been mass killings and other widespread violation of human rights, which in turn led to a decimation of a large number of the population in Bosnia, Cam bodia, Darfur, Kosovo, and in the eastern portion of the Democratic Republic of Congo (America, 2009). There have likewise been fresh initiatives in the implementation of R2P. In January 2009, the Global Civil Society Coalition on the Responsibility to Protect was launched. ... Human Rights (UDHR), which was adopted and proclaimed on December 10, 1948 by the UN General Assembly, is the founding document of the international law of human rights (Renee Cronin-Furman, 2010); the UDHR is in turn founded on the principle that â€Å"the protection of human rights knows no international boundaries† (Buergenthal, 1997:704), and therefore an obligation exists for any and all members of the international community to ascertain that governments guarantee their protection over their people. A conceptual conflict exists between the doctrine of state sovereignty and non-intervention and the doctrine of human intervention. Classical political realism stresses the dominance of the sovereign state as the principal actor by which rights are created and given effect, and human relationships regulated. Humanitarian intervention, on the other hand, is a relatively new concept, a product of normative discourse because it infuses values into the appreciation of the human c ondition, and espouses certain norms held to be morally right over that which is morally wrong. The doctrine of state sovereignty is firmly embodied as policy in the UN Charter; in contrast, the Charter made no mention of the right of humanitarian intervention in any of its provisions, although humanitarian intervention likewise poses a challenge to state sovereignty. However, despite the lack of any explicit acknowledgement of the doctrine, the Security Council had always incorporated the implicit right to intervene, even with the use of military force, for humanitarian reasons in its decision-making, such as the resolutions it adopted in the case of Korea in 1950 and the Congo in 1962. The rationale of the concept is well elucidated by Thakur (2003) when he wrote: â€Å"Intervention for human

Enzymes lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enzymes - Lab Report Example Enzymes can be defined as biological molecules that catalyze metabolic reactions that sustain life. Enzymes are made of a complex protein and catalyze specific chemical changes within the body of animals and plants such as digestion of food to produce nutrients for the living organism thus the activity of all enzymes are controlled by the enzymes. Enzymes exhibit three major characteristics: increase rate of reaction, act specifically only in one substrate to produce products and can be regulated from a level of high activity to low activity and vice versa. This can be achieved by regulating certain factors affecting enzyme activity such as substrate concentration, pH, enzyme concentration and temperature (Bettelheim, et al, 2007). Lactase is a digestive enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lactose, a disaccharide sugar into simple sugars that can easily be digested. Lactose structure is made up of two rings which require a lot of energy to be broken down into two molecules of simple sugars. Lactose enzyme catalyzes this reaction by reducing the amount of energy required for the hydrolysis of lactose into two molecules of monosaccharide (Jones et al 2013). Lactase is an essential enzyme for mammals necessary to breakdown lactose into simple sugars that can easily be absorbed, thus in lactating animals, this enzyme is available. However, as human beings grow older, they lose their ability to produce lactase enzyme, a condition often referred to as lactose intolerant. Many biotechnology companies have come up with high quantities of lactase enzyme which is used by lactose intolerant individuals. In this regard, lactase enzyme is added into milk thus lactose is predigested before ingestion. In the definition of enzyme above, we mentioned that enzymes are proteins hence just like other proteins; temperatures are likely to affect them. According to (), high temperatures

Poetry and Politics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poetry and Politics Paper - Essay Example Bryant opens his poem with the recognition that slavery represents not only a â€Å"great wrong† but also a slow and painful journey in race relations (The Death of Slavery, Line 1). Bryant opens Death of Slavery with: O THOU great Wrong, that, through the slow-paced years, Didst hold they millions fettered, and didst wield The scourge that drove the labourer to the field, And turn a stony gaze on human tears, They cruel reign is o’er.... (The Death of Slavery, 1900, First Stanza). Thus for Bryant’s The Death of Slavery, represents not only a reminder of the pain and suffering associated with the oppression of one race over another, but its place in history also serves as a reminder that mankind can and has overcome the worst of evils punctuating race relations in history. Bryant’s last stanza of The Death of Slavery pulls this realization together as follows: I see the better years that hasten by Carry thee back into that shadowy past, Where, in the dusty spaces, void and vast, The graves of those whom thou hast murdered lie. The slave-pen, through whose door Thy victims pass no more...(The Death of Slavery, 1900, Last Stanza). ... Bryant (1900) likewise recalls that this â€Å"grim† past: At which the slave was sold; while at thy feet Scourges and engines of restraint and pain Moulder and rust by thine eternal seat. There, mid the symbols that proclaim they crimes, Dwell thou, a warning to the coming times (The Death of Slavery, 1900, Last Stanza). In other words, recalling the evils of the past, serves as a caution to resist evil of any kind relative to race relations among mankind. Obama likewise, sees the utility in remembering the cruel past. Obama stated that he felt it was a significant visit for his daughters as they would be encouraged to fight cruel oppression of any kind to prevent this kind of history repeating itself. Thomas Merton’s And the Children of Birmingham was written in the 1960s amidst the race movement in the US during that time. The poem reflects on the bombing in Birmingham, Alabama that killed Black children staging a protest in the 1960s against the oppression of Black in the US is also instructive. And the Children of Birmingham likewise calls attention to the cruel pass in terms of race relations and also speaks to man’s ability to overcome this kind of cruel legacy. Herron (2005) informs that from Merton’s perspective however, the death of the children in Birmingham is less about marking the history of race relations among Americans. Instead, And the Children of Birmingham is more about hope and this hope is expressed by calling upon Americans everywhere to look upon all Americans as equals, as brothers and sisters (2005). And The Children of Birmingham draws attention to the innocent victims and inheritors of the evils of cruel race relations

Brain Drain Essay Example for Free

Brain Drain Essay The first think that click in yur mind about brain drain is movie newyork,the thing that happened to john abrahim ,he was basically a nice person but he was torchured so much in jail that his niceness was removed ,and he became a terrorist his brain was completely drained, but u all r wrong with the assumptions. Brain drain which is also known as human_capital_flight means refers to the emigration of intelligent, well-educated individuals to somewhere for better pay or conditions, causing the place they came from to lose those skilled people, or brains. Typically, emigrating brains have learned English and move to the United Kingdom, the US or some other English-speaking country. The developed nations concerned saves her pounds and dollars on professional education and training and in the process obtains the services of trained doctors/ engineers who/earn very much more than their native counter parts and have more comfortable styles of living. There have been several efforts to define the concept of brain drain, mainly by international organisations. For example, we can read the following in a 1969 UNESCO report .the brain drain could be defined as an abnormal form of scientific exchange between countries, characterized by a one- way flow in favour of the most highly developed countries. One of the most comprehensive report the main characteristics of brain drain as follows: a) There are numerous flows of skilled and trained persons from developing to developed countries; b) They are characterised by large flows from a comparatively small number of developed countries and by small flows from a larger number of developing countries; c) In these flows engineers, medical personnel and scientists usually tend to predominate; d) The above flows have grown with increasing rapidity in recent years f) The flows respond increasingly to the changed g) The migratory trends are stimulated both by the character of national educational systems by lack and inadequate planning for the training of students from developing countries, in developed states as well as the proper utilisation of their-skills in their home country; and h) Except possibly for south America, there are no signs that the migration of talents is decreasing and there are fairly definite signs that its increase will,  under present conditions, continue to accelerate. Types of brain drain Organizational: The flight of talented, creative, and highly trained employees from large corporations—e.g. Yahoo,HubSpot,[4]and Microsoft— that occurs when employees perceive the direction and leadership of the company to be unstable or stagnant, and thus, unable to keep up with their personal and professional ambitions. Geographical: The flight of highly trained individuals and college graduates from their area of residence, for instance, those migrating from the mid-western United States to the coastal states and large metropolises. Industrial: The movement of traditionally skilled workers from one sector of an industry to another. For example, jobs in the United States and other governments, also known as the public sector, have experienced significant generational brain drain as tenured boomer generation employees retire. Heightened competition for talent from the private sector and budgetary constraints have made it increasingly difficult to attract replacements f or these retirees.

Living and Working in Korea Essay Example for Free

Living and Working in Korea Essay The case of Ellen Moore is very interesting and diverse, because it shows different reasons why problems can occur in a project management and teamwork and highlights how cultural differences can affect the work in a very negative way. There are several reasons why the project has run into problems. Some of these could have been foreseen but some not. The main problem is that there were wrong decisions made when creating the team and also some risks were incorrectly assessed to be less important than they actually turned out to be. First of all in selecting project management representative Andrew Kilpatrick underestimated the cultural differences and did not listen enough to the warning from American consultants with WSI in Korea that it is impossible to send a woman to work in Korea. I don’t think it is completely impossible for a woman to work in Korea, but Ellen should have been more prepared and more informed about the local traditions particularly about the team building and after-work dinners and how the Koreans’ respect for position and status would influence the teams’ behavior. From the case it seems like too many things came as a surprise to Ellen and it was hard to focus on the primary tasks. Another problem was in the team composition especially in allocating roles. There were 2 project co-managers – Ellen and Jack – assigned to the team. But Jack was given an impression that he will be the sole project leader. For this reason Ellen’s addition to the team created tension between them and from the beginning and this undermined their chances to work together for the same goal. If it was decided to have 2 equal project manager positions, then their roles should have been allocated. For example each project manager would have specific areas of responsibilities and the rest of the team would be informed about these responsibilities. Instead both project managers ended up fighting for the power instead of working towards the common goal. The development of the events in the team also suggests that it was a wrong decision to appoint 2 team managers, because it is clear that the team performed better when they were led by one team leader – when  Jack was around the Korean team would follow his instructions, but when Jack was away and Ellen was the only leader the team cooperated and worked well under her supervision and coaching. The third problem was the expertise and experience of the Korean consultants. The American part of the team was only partially informed about the teams’ qualifications. But it soon turned out that none of them had sufficient previous experience to work on this project. That the teams’ inexperience turned out to be one of the reasons the project ran into problems is partially because of Ellen’s overconfidence. When she realized what is the actual qualification and experience of the team members she thought she could work around it and train the people on the team. Instead of suggesting changes in the team she relied on her skills as a coach to improve the situation. All these reasons are to blame that the project is in serious trouble and without clear action plan the project cannot be put back on track. One solution that could be done to get the project back on schedule is for Andrew to take on a more active role in the teams work and become the team leader in Korea and oversee both Ellen and Jack and the whole team. Since both Mr.Song and Mr.Park think that Ellen is the problem and is not effective, there is not much she can do to continue the role as the team leader because the supervisors in Korea don’t back her up. And in this situation it would be hard for her to become the team leader over Jack. If all the team members remain in their place under Andrews supervisions, roles to each member should be allocated also tem members need to be motivated to work together to achieve the goal. Rewards for cooperation and tem work could be in place here. Another alternative could be removing Jack from the team and find a Korean consultant that has experience with SI projects. This solution would eliminate the tension in the team and also increase the professional capacity of the team. If the budget of the project allows one more possibility would be to include additional team members with more expertise to assist the team. Also changing the team members could be a solution, but  there might be not enough time to completely change the team and still manage to finish the project on schedule. Although the situation is rather complex because the team is dealing not only with professional problems but also with personnel problems and problems caused by not understanding the different culture, there are some things that Ellen could have done differently. First of all she should have tried to draw Andrews and Mr. Park’s and Mr. Song’s attention to the fact that the team members are not qualified enough to work on this project in the early stages of the project. She should have asked to either change the weakest members of the team or have additional training for the team to raise their level of expertise. As for cooperation with Jack I think that the fight for the power between the two of them was inevitable, but one way how to try to deal with the situation could have been Ellen’s initiative to establish some ground rules on how they interact with the team, how they divide responsibilities between them. Her background information shows that she had previous experience in leading teams so probably also knowledge in conflict resolution and motivating people. Clearly Jack needed some motivation to become a team player. But altogether I think that most of the problems occurred because Ellen’s supervisors made wrong assessments about the project and the situation and also made some bad decisions in the beginning.

The Immediate Constituent Analysis In Linguistics English Language Essay

The Immediate Constituent Analysis In Linguistics English Language Essay   Also called IC Analysis,  in linguistics, a system of grammatical analysis that divides sentences into successive layers, or constituents, until, in the final layer, each constituent consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word. (A constituent is any word or construction that enters into some larger construction.) In the sentence The old man ran away, the first division into immediate constituents would be between the old man and ran away. The immediate constituents of the old man are the and old man. At the next level old man is divided into old and man. In grammatical study we are concerned with morphemes and their arrangements but not save in an ancillary way with the phonemic shapes which represent morphemes.Cinsequently in the present sections we shall usually cite examples in their traditional orthography provided the language in question had one and that it involves only the Latin alplhabet.Claddical Greek and Chinese examples are given in well established transl iterations or romanixastions. Genuine phonemic notation will be unused only when advisable for some special redone or for languages like monomania ethic have no traditional orthography. Most modern textbooks of linguistics attach great importance to that is called immediate constituent analysis. The term immediate constituent analysis was introduced by Bloomfield as follows any English speaking person who concerns himself with this matter is sure to tell us that the immediate constituents of poor john ran away there the two forms poor john and ran away that each of these is in turn a complex form that the immediate constituents of ran away are ran and away and that the constituents of poor john are poor and john. We can easily capture through going the given below example. The dog killed the poor cat In this sentence the noun phrases are given but we can easily divide and then make an understand to analysts in immediate constituent that is also one of the important one in linguistic. so there is an obvious parallelism between immediate constituent analysis and the traditional procedure of parsing sentences into subject and predicate and each of these where appropriate into words phrases and clauses jof various types. Bloomfields sentence phrases made up of the now john modified by the adjective poor and whose predicate is a verb phrase consisting of the Vern ran modifies by the adverb away. Underlying both approaches to ;grammatical analysis is the view that sentences are not just linear sequences of elements but are made up of layers of immediate constituents ;watch lower level constituent being part of a higher level constituents can be represented graphically in a number of ways we may use brackets or we may construct a tree diagram. These two methods of representation are equ ivalent. The symbols are employed here merely for convenience jof reference to the diagram the tree diagram given above is to be interpreted as follies the ultimate constituents jof the sentence the elements out of which the sentence is constructed are poor jog ran and away the words poor and gone are the immediate constituents of one construction poor john so the branches leading to them derive directly from one node the words ran and away are the immediate constituents of another contraction being related through the names highway node common to them both and the two constructions poor john and ran away are the immediate constituents of the highest level constriction the sentence itself so they b9oth derive directly from the node it will be observed that neither in the reprewntation of the constituent structure jof the sentence by mend of betray chest nor in the tree diagram have we in corporate the information that poor is an adjectival a that poor john is an noun phrase or of th e notion of ,codification in these respects jour analysis jof the sentences into its constituents differs from ad so far is poorer than the analysis that would be given in terms of the categorizes of traditional grammar. One can distinguish three periods of development in the the airy of constituent structure. L; Bloomfield himself did little mortem than introduce the nn9otion ad explain it by means of examples he spoke of a proper analysis of the sentence into constituents as one which takes accent jof the meanings. his followers notably wells and harries formulated the principles of constituent anal7sis inn greater detail an replaced Bloomfields somewhere vague reference to taking account of the meanings with explicitly distributional criteria. Finally in the last few years the theory loft constituent structure has been formalized and subjected to mathematical study by Chomsky land jot her scholar who have given considerable attention to the nature jof the rules requluired to gene rate sentences dwoth the appropriate constituent structure. There are five kinds of analysis in immediate constituents as follows: 1. Hierarchical Structure 2. Ambiguity 3. Markers 4. Discintious IC 5. Simultaneous IC In the immediate constituent structure five of them given above are seminal things in linguistic so, it is very difficult to analysis of these things without making diagrams so lets to analysis of these things without having an analysis of morphemes as grouping things together in the fight way an analogy who is very keen to make a new kind of solution is so complicate. In our treatment of the general principles of formal grammar in immediate constituents we deliberately adopted the view that all sentences had a simple linear structure that every sentence of the language could be satis Facvtyorilyu described from the grammatical point jof view as a string loft; constituents As a abstract illustration of what is meant by the term string which is the technical term used in mathematical treatments of the grammatical structure of language few may consider thane following instances. 1. Hierarchical structure: The manly on the street is inclined to identify language with words and to think that to study words is to stuufyul; language this view l incorporates two errors. we obviate lone when we realize that morphemes rather than words are unimportant the other error is mow subtle the notion often unstated that we need only examine words as isolated units longer utterances being simply mechanical combinations jof at the smaller units. If lathes were the case then all we would have to learn kin studying a foreign language fowls; be the individual ljmorphemes and their meanings. the meaning jof any whole utterance wools be immediately obvious; jonn the basis of the meanings of the ultimate constituents .Anyone who has lacteally studied a foreign language knows that this is not true. for a striking example loft the falsity loft they assumption we turn to Chinese which is better than French or German jerk Spanish jfodrkl this purpose because ;it differs more drastically from English to any other languages. As leis evidently; some of these English morphemes have meanings which are not easy to describe precisely in English one meets similar trouble in trying rot describe the meanings of some English morphemes inennglishj on general the meanings of morphemes in any one language bias any other language. A careful scrutiny of the meanings of; the seventeen constituent morphemes; of the sentence can at best yield some ague notion of what the whole sentence is about. The meaning of the whole sentence happens be this kind of the matters carries by what he hears. BY virtue of this advance orientation thane active speaker hears the cadence not as a linear string go morphemes but as it were in depth automatically grouping things together in the rightly lay. An; analogy list in order. when we kook at the middle assemblage ;of line segments Jon a either jay on a flat surface the depth that we perceive lies in ;us; not; ;in the figulure.yet our experience in visa perception is such that it ills hard to see as a complicated plane figure rather than I three dimensions the depth which tulle native speakers combination is common and that it carries the rather special partly unpredictable meaning probably likewise have automatically groups together as in fire but in a more complicated ;way if few are to ask that meads he would be pzzled for does not mean anything l;he would probably be unaware that he had heard this particular morpheme sequence inn the sentence and the speaker of the sentence weld scarcely realize that he had said it. All the above is applicable also to fenglish or any other language a meaningless sequence of morphemes like a man are can easily lube found in normal speech. It; occurs; in the dog has killed the poor cat. 2. Makers: We must account for the slanting lines appearing in some of the diagrams. For example, the diagram indicates that the Ics of are the two words in a larger form without being a constituent jof it. Of course a different interpret ratio would be possible but the one we have chosen indicates that and rather than being Joni of the ics of what we may call a structural marker jar signal. some morphemes that is serve leno directly nas carriers of meaning but only as markers of the styrctural relationshjops between other forms.ad marks the fact that something before it ad something after it large the Ics larger grammatical form and ad also marks that a larger form as being of a certain type ;we would choose a similar interpltretration for the markers. 3. Ambiguity: It is possible for a single sequence of segmental morphemes to have two alternative hierarchical organizations; unusually with a difference do; meaning sometimes but in the sentence he was dancing jw3oth the stout major person. We cannot tell whether the mans dancing partner is stout or not. the ambiguity jof its Ic structure is shown in the expression and such ambiguities remind us again jof the analogy with value perception. 4. Discontinuous Ic: Our examples so far have had another property which is common but not nn9oversal forms which belong together as Ic of a larger form have been next to each other in linear sequence .Discontinues constituents are ninety at all uncoil for example in the English sentence the jot her is the discontinuous sequence. But constituents are not at all uncommon framing easy built is parenthesized lotto indicate that it is knot actually spoken there we laved lithe duplication but place a heavy line below the entry and mark with a dotted arrow the section between. 5. Simltaneosly Ic: An intonation morpheme is probably always to be interpreted as one ic of the macro segment which includes the remainder of the macro segment no matter how complex constituting the other. In order to show this diagrammatically we have to introduce another special device, illustrated in their positions of the pills and tic correctly since any alternation in their position mighty yield a different sentence. In grammatical ambiguity we can divide as follows that is also seminal thing in immediate constituent analysis: A) They can fish. B) Beautiful girls dress. C) Some more convincing evidence. Conclusion: Traditional grammar is a family of linguistic theories represented in the grammars written before the advent of scientific linguistics. I use the expression family of theories rather than the word theory, since traditional grammar is not a single, unchanging conceptual object. I assume, however, that it has certain fairly stable defining features. For convenience, I take many of my examples from the Latin grammar of Allen and Greenbush (1931) and the Greek grammar of H. W. Smyth (1916), since both these works are still in print and can be consulted by interested readers.

Helena Maria Viramontes’ The Moths Essay -- Moths Viramontes Essays

Helena Maria Viramontes’ â€Å"The Moths† I was initially drawn to Helena Maria Viramontes’ story â€Å"The Moths† due to the striking similarities between the narrator’s experience and my own experience with being thrust into the role of caretaker for a dying loved one. By tracking a young girl’s transformation through dealings with subjugation (by her culture), freedom (through her grandmother), death (of her grandmother) and grief, Viramontes successfully paints an endearing tale of change. â€Å"The Moths† emphasizes the narrator’s oppression by her household’s religion and by the social structures associated with it, juxtaposed by the freedom for development available within the native curandera custom taught by her grandmother. Through vivid yet subtle symbols, the author weaves a complex web with which to showcase the narrator's oppressive upbringing. Two literary critics whose methods/theories allow us to better comprehend Viramontes message are Jonathan Culler and Stephen Greenblatt. Culler points out that we read literature differently than we read anything else. According to the intertextual theory of how people read literature, readers make assumptions (based on details) that they would not make in real life. During these leaps within which we transform facts into values/themes, the reader creates â€Å"supplementary meaning† to the text by unconsciously setting up tension, also called binary opposition. Culler describes this process in his statement â€Å"The process of thematic interpretation requires us to move from facts towards values, so we can develop each thematic complex, retaining the opposition between them† (294). Though supplementary meaning created within the text can take many forms, within V... ...eedom was found and cultural boundaries were not shattered, simply battered, the narrator’s path was much preferable to that of her sisters (those who conformed to cultural boundaries). Through this story we can see how oppression in certain cultures changes individuals differently, creates tension between those who do not wish to be subjugated and those doing the subjugating, and we see the integral opposition between the path of Catholicism and that of curandismo. WORKS CITED: Contexts for Criticism. Ed. Donald Keesey. New York: McGraw Hill, 2003. ________________. Jonathan Culler. â€Å"Structuralism and Literature. 288-297 ________________. Stephen Greenblatt. â€Å"Culture.† 436-441 The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. Cassel & Bausch. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2000. Helena Maria Viramontes. â€Å"The Moth’s† 870-874

Arranged Marriages Essay -- essays research papers fc

Arranged Marriages What is an arranged marriage? Well in the Webster’s dictionary it is defined as a marriage where the marital partners are chosen by others based on considerations other than the pre-existing mutual attraction of the partners. This habit has been very common in noble families, especially in reigning ones, at the scope of combining and perhaps enforcing the respective strengths of originary families (and kingdoms) of the spouses. A relevant part of history has been influenced by these unions. Arranged marriage is also the marriage concluded with the help of a middleman, once frequent in less cultivated social classes. In some areas it is the man who chooses his wife, often paying some money for her, to her family and was common in many countries until the 19th century (and is still the habit in use in some areas), but an increasing number of young people today refuse arranged marriage. Now that some of the basic history of arranged marriages has been defined and taken care of, let’s move onto localized areas of arranged marriages Japan - In modern Japan, more than 70% of all marriages are referred to as "love marriages," the rest are the more traditional arranged marriages (omiai). When an arranged marriage is desired, the man and woman, who are seeking a marriage partner, enlist the help of a go-between (nakodo). This allows the couple to meet and get to know each other and decide if a marriage is suitable. It is quite common for the parents of the man and woman to be present at the first meeting. Afterwards the couple meets socially over a period of time and then decides, if both are acceptable, to marry. This may seem a little clinical in the west, but in Japan, with its high work ethic, and large population, it is hard for some people to meet someone of the opposite sex. Now some may believe that these types of marriages does not last when in fact they have a higher success rate then those who go out and find someone to date and then get to know and marry. The success rates of a tradition arrang e marriage is around 80% more likely to succeed then in a love marriage. England – For England we will refer to mid-evil England as to current time arranged marriages are not held in such high regard as it did then, even the current kings and princesses of England are not based on arranged marriage but of a process that narrows down... ... Webster Dictionary Definition of â€Å"Arranged Marriage† Arranged Marriage http://www.askasia.org/frclasrm/readings/r000153.htm Naomi's Omiai http://www.amsnet.co.jp/user/john/essays/naomi01.html OMIAI by Yuriko Takayama http://ellserver3.njcu.edu/courses/haber/4aOmiai.html Marriage with the proper stranger: arranged marriage in metropolitan Japan. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000282486 Defying arranged marriage becomes a life-and-death decision http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/08/15/MNGGR876O91.DTL Arranged Vs Love Marriage http://www.boloji.com/women/0072.htm Legal Commentary - Forced Marriage http://www.legalday.co.uk/current/practice/lawsociety/lawsoc260304.htm How to find a compatible match - Looking for love in all the right places http://www.thedesertsun.com/news/stories2004/advertorial/20040527120331.shtml Women in Anglo-Saxon England http://csis.pace.edu/grendel/projf20004g/womenAnglo.html Marriage – arranged and forced http://www.whatnow.co.uk/html/info_zone/relationships.asp?record=222 Marriages http://www.routledge-ny.com/religionandsociety/Rites/marriage.pdf A Choice by Right http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/fminsert.pdf

Reaction rates of marble chips :: essays research papers

How can we speed up the reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid? Contents 1. Plan  Aim  Equipment  Variable Factors  Prediction  Method  Trial Run 2. Results  Results Tables 3. Analysis and Conclusions  Graphs  Conclusions 4. Evaluation  Accuracy Of Results  Reliability  Improvements  Extending the Investigation 1. Plan Aim I am doing this experiment to find out how I can speed up the reaction rate between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Equipment This is the equipment I will use:  Gas Syringe  Glass Flask  Calcium Carbonate  Hydrochloric Acid Variable Factors The factors that could slow down or speed up this reaction are:  The size of the Calcium Carbonate (marble) pieces – This will affect how fast the acid reacts with the marble, the smaller the pieces, the bigger the surface area so the reaction can take place faster.  The amount of Calcium Carbonate – The more calcium carbonate there is, the more carbon dioxide will be produced and the larger the reaction will be.  The amount of Hydrochloric Acid – The more hydrochloric acid there is, the more carbon dioxide will be produced and the larger the reaction will be.  The temperature of the materials – The temperature of the materials determines how fast the reaction will take place. The hotter the materials, the faster the reaction and vice-versa.  The concentration of Hydrochloric Acid – The higher the concentration (strength) of the acid, the faster it will react.  The purity of the Calcium Carbonate pieces – The purity of the calcium carbonate will affect the speed of the reaction also. Prediction From previous experiments I have learned that if large pieces are broken into smaller pieces they react faster because they have more surface area. This is because at the molecular level, there are more molecules at the surface of the chips for the molecules of acid to react with when the chips are broken into smaller pieces. The same principle can be applied to the marble chips. The smaller the chips the more surface area so I predict that the smaller marble chips will react faster than the larger chips. Method Here is the set up: In this experiment I will be keeping the variables I mentioned earlier the same except one to keep the experiment fair. I will be changing the size of the marble chips to see which size reacts the fastest. The gas syringe is firstly clamped to the stand and a plastic tube and bung are attached to the syringe.

Relationships Between Society and Religion Essay

The relationship between religion and society has provided the focus for some of the greatest works of sociology (one thinks of Durkheim, Pareto, and Weber, as well as Marx and Parsons). Samuel Delbert, a Canadian sociologist, rebelled against what he saw as the static concerns of American sociologists, trained his eyes on the process of social change, and placed the study of religion as a major item on the agenda of social analysis in Canada. In three important works, Clark argues that the changing structure of religious organization provided a measure of the pace and character of social change. Clark undoubtedly made the study of religion an important topic in Canadian sociology. At the same time, however, his work intended to limit the range of sociological concerns by linking the study of religion to questions of the forms of religious organization and politics (Artibise, 1990). The Essence of Religion In order to further understand the context between the relationship between religion and society, it becomes clear only after we have determined the basic essence of religion, that which is common to them all. Many different attempts to conceptualize the essence of religions have been made. These definitions usually reflect the viewpoint of the defining subject more than the essence of the defined object. When, for instance, Immanuel Kant defines religion as the â€Å"fulfillment of all of our duties as divine commands,† this doesn’t reflect the essence of religion which is concerned with a completely different sphere, but rather the rationalistic standpoint of Kant, for whom religion is essentially theonomic ethics. Often the essence of a specific historical religion is held up as the ideal and norm for all religion (Mensching, 1976). Prophecy presupposes a relationship between religion and society that conflicts profoundly with established religion. Established religion sees religion as the sacred ideology of the established social order. It is the â€Å"handmaiden† of the ruling class. It pronounces the established social order to be created by God and to be a reflection of the divine will (Riemer, 1996). The Founding Fathers In their sociological writing, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim were responding to the economic and social changes of the 19th and early 20th centuries, timely more often than not by the disastrous effects that fleeting industrialization had imposed on the European community of which they were sector. The course of religion could scarcely be averted with this foundation, for religion was seen as an important area of the society that seemed to be shifting beyond identification. By at least a period, Karl Marx (1818-83) predates the other. There are known two important factors in the Marxist thoughts on religion: The first is descriptive, the second evaluative. His dependent variable is religion; in other words, its structure and nature are liable on social and most importantly economic relations, which constitute the foundation of social examination. It can never be understood separate from the economic form and the association of the capitalist or worker to the basis of formulation. The second factor connects from this however, has an assessing component. Religion is said to be a form of indifference or alienation; it is a symptom of social malformation which disguises the exploitative relationships of capitalist society. Religion persuades people that such relationships are natural and, therefore, acceptable. It follows that the real causes of social distress cannot be tackled until the religious element in society is stripped away to reveal the injustices of the capitalist system; everything else is a distraction. Subsequent debates concerning Marx/s approach to religion have to be approached with care. It has become increasingly difficult to distinguish between (a) Marx’s own analysis of religious phenomena, (b) a subsequent school of Marxism as a form of sociological thinking, and (c) what has occurred in the twentieth century in the name of Marxism as a political ideology. The essential and enduring point to grasp from Marx himself us that religion cannot be understood apart from the world of which it is a part; this is a crucial sociological insight and central to the evolution of the sub discipline. It needs, however, to be distinguished from an over deterministic interpretation of Marx that postulates the dependence of religion on economic forces in mechanical terms; this is unhelpful. The final point is more political. It may indeed be the case that one function of religion is to mitigate the very evident hardships of this world and so disguise them.

Industrial attachment report Essay

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Students Industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was established by ITF (Industrial Training Fund) in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills required for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions. SIWES is an exercise created for students of higher education to enable them practice those things they have learnt theoretically in class. It also helps to expose students to the use of certain industrial equipment. The exercise reveals students skills as well as inspiring students’ ambition to become useful citizens in the future. It also helps them to interact with the highly respected and educated personalities. These students are willing and eager to prepare themselves to attain certain higher positions after graduation. This is a report of the SIWES experience I had at the national root crops research institute, Umudike, abia state. CHAPTER 2 COMPANY DESCRIPTION The National root crops research institute (NRCRI), Umudike is one of the 17 Agricultural research institutes in Nigeria. The institute started as a provincial experimental farm under the national department of agriculture with headquarters at Moor plantation. It assumed a federal status to become Federal Agricultural Research and Training Station (FARTS) in April 1, 1972. By April 1, 1976 it became known as national root crops research institute by the Agricultural research institutes decree of 1973. In line with its national and zonal mandate, the institute has the responsibility of conducting research into: Genetic improvement of root & tuber crops of economic importance in Nigeria Agronomy of root and tuber crop production including farming systems development for the southeast agro ecology Design and fabrication of simple agricultural farm tools and equipment Storage, processing, utilization of root & tuber crop production. NRCRI has taken giant strides with commendable results. These have earned the institute one of the best research institutes in Nigeria having contributed immensely to the economic development. The research findings of the institute have made Nigeria to become the world’s leading producer of cassava and yam with annual production of 33.1 and 19 million metric tons. The track record has also placed the institute in the top position for two years consecutively in the annual world food day. ACHIEVEMENTS: Effective control of major pests and diseases in cassava, yam, irish potato & sweet potato Development of sweet potato starch & media for biological uses Development of true potato seed for irish potato production Development of cassava, yam, sweet potato & cocoyam flour for baking, odorless fufu, cocoyam chips as snacks. Development of low cyanide cassava varieties for the savanna agro ecological zones CHAPTER 3 JOBS DONE/EXPERIENCE GAINED INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKSHOP: On arrival to the workshop, the first thing I was introduced to was the safety rules of the workshop which included the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times. After this, I was given a full orientation to the workshop staff and tools. MODIFICATION OF A GINGER CUTTING & WASHING MACHINE: When I arrived at the workshop, the ongoing project was the modification of a ginger cutting machine and a ginger washing machine. A ginger washing machine is a machine used for washing freshly harvested ginger from dirt while a ginger cutting machine is a device used for cutting freshly harvested matured ginger into two equal parts. For this the following jobs were needed. USE OF HAND CUTTING/HAND GRINDING: The hand grinding machine which is also called an angle grinder is one of the very useful tools in the workshop. It is used for cutting, grinding and polishing. They can be powered by an electric motor, petrol engine or compressed air. In the workshop, the angle grinder was powered by an electric motor. The motor drives the geared head at a right angle on which is mounted an abrasive disk (used for grinding) or a thinner cut-off disc (used for cutting). It was used for cutting into metal sheets to a specified measurement, removing excess material and smoothing rough edges off the material. PRECAUTIONS: -In the workshop, we were required to replace worn discs because the continuous use of already worn discs could cause parts or the whole disc to fly out thereby causing serious damage to body or machine. -The cutting disc should never be used in place of the grinding disc and vice versa -Never stay in an enclosed place and always use the right posture when cutting/grinding. A HAND CUTTING/GRINDING MACHINE USE OF THE HAND DRILLING MACHINE: A drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment usually a drill bit or driver bit which is used for drilling holes in various materials. The drill bit is gripped by a chuck at one end and rotated while pressed against the material. A centre punch is usually used to indicate the spot where the drill is about to perforate so as to prevent the drill bit from slipping of the mark. PRECAUTIONS -Apply just the right amount of pressure to the drill during use as too much can end up breaking the drill bit and too little would not do anything. USE OF JOINING PROCESSES: During the work on the ginger cutting and ginger washing machine, metals also needed to be joined together. We used processes such as welding, riveting and also bolts & nuts. PRECAUTIONS -When welding, make sure the eyes are protected by a facemask -When riveting ensure staying on a flat surface. MEASUREMENT & MARKING: Before any work is carried out, it has to be put into measurements so as to avoid waste. Some of the instruments used were the vernier calipers, steel rule, measuring tape. THE USE OF THE RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE: A radial drilling machine is a large gear headed drill press in which the head moves along the arm that radiates from the column of the machine. The arm of the machine can swing in relation to the base of the machine. This swing operation helps the drill head to move out of the way so a large crane can place the heavy work piece on the base of the radial drilling machine. This also helps in drilling holes at different locations of the workpiece without actually moving the workpiece. Common features of the radial drilling machine are the power feed of the spindle and the coolant system. We also discussed problems when looking for solutions and also acquainted ourselves with the relationship between pulleys and the speed of a crankshaft. At the end of all these, the ginger cutting machine and ginger washing machine were tested and modified where necessary with good results. CHAPTER 4 RELATION OF EXPERIENCE TO FIELD OF STUDY The relevance of my experience to my field of study is the fact that most of the problems and tools encountered in the workshop were those which have been solved theoretically in class and hence a better understanding of the course was achieved. The relevance of this industrial training to Mechanical Engineering is the fact that it helps students to be more compatible with what they have been taught. Mechanical Engineering is more understood when combined with practice. The Industrial training helps to achieve this part. It makes the students not only knowledgeable but also quick with their hands and minds. This, at the end of all these, will result in better trained members of the mechanical engineering society. Mechanical Engineering, in fact, is a practical course. Considering the situation of our country with respect to education, I would say that without SIWES, graduates of mechanical engineering would really be lacking when it comes to practicing the course in the real world. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION All in all, the experience was a very wonderful one. I developed a good working relationship with the staff and my supervisor as I had learned from my 200 level industrial training and I also had a wonderful time putting what is learned in the classrooms into practice. Safety is a very important issue in any environment but it can never be over emphasized in a workshop.

The Epidemic Of Heroin Health And Social Care Essay

Because of the huge handiness of drugs and its impact on many aspects of health care and the economic system, it is imperative that wellness attention suppliers and policy shapers understand what drugs are being abused, who uses these drugs, where the drugs come from, and the wellness and economic load on the United States. It is going extremely of import for those straight involved with substance maltreaters to understand the physiological effects, psychosocial effects and backdown effects of drugs. Opiates and opiate derived functions in peculiar, whether illicit ( such as diacetylmorphine ) or prescription ( such as Oxycontin ) are being to a great extent abused across the state. These drugs can hold serious wellness deductions during usage and during disconnected surcease ( detoxification or backdown ) . This paper will show a reappraisal of the literature on the epidemic of diacetylmorphine and prescription opiate maltreatment. Through a critical reappraisal, constructs such as the prevalence of the job, the physiologic effects of maltreatment, the current tendencies in direction of the job and deductions for nursing and health care will be explored.BackgroundBefore proceeding, it is of import to briefly discourse the basic pharmacological medicine of opiate drugs. Opiates, otherwise known as narcotics, include the drugs diacetylmorphine, morphia, codeine, oxycontin, hydrocodone, dolophine hydrochloride and other chemically-related derived functions. All opiates are considered dispensable merely by prescription in the United States with the exclusion of diacetylmorphine, which is illegal in all fortunes. Opiates wield their effects by triping pleasance centres in the encephalon. The neurobiochemical theoretical account of dependence suggests that over clip, the encephalon ‘s c hemical science alterations so that it yearns for the substance when it is non at that place and can bring forth physiologic effects of backdown when stopped. Heroin for illustration, which is chemically-related to morphine ( the chemical name for diacetylmorphine is diamorphine ) readily crosses the blood-brain barrier to do a rapid spilling of Dopastat into the dopaminergic receptors of the encephalon ‘s nerve cells. For this ground, the drug is easy habit-forming and absence of the drug causes a esthesis of hungering and can do feelings of unwellness, such as sickness and diarrhoea, when stopped suddenly. .Prevalence of the ProblemSeveral research workers in the nursing, allied wellness and economic sciences subjects have explored and discussed the prevalence of prescription opiate maltreatment and hypotheses of the beginning of the job. However, there is a big spread in the literature related to the prevalence of illicit drug maltreatment ( diacetylmorphine ) among differe nt populations. The prevalence informations for diacetylmorphine maltreatment in the US is mostly reported by national study tendencies, such as the National Institute of Drug Abuse ( portion of the National Institutes of Health ) Survey on Drug Use and Health ( NSDUH ) . Even so, the monolithic study papers pays small attending to the job of diacetylmorphine maltreatment and studies merely two per centum of the 67,500 study respondents utilizing diacetylmorphine in the month predating the study ( National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009 ) . The etiology of prescription drug abuse and maltreatment is discussed more to a great extent in the literature than is heroin maltreatment. Harmonizing to the NSDUH, in 2009 4.8 % of the study respondents aged 12 and older reported utilizing prescription opiates for non-medical grounds. Of those, over 55 % reported obtaining the drug for free from a friend or comparative, and 4.8 % reported buying the drug from a trader on the streets ( National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009 ) . Research workers at Columbia University surveyed striplings aged 12 to 17 in 2005 and found that 9.3 % reported the abuse of prescription opiates over the past month. In researching the striplings ‘ motivations for maltreatment, the research workers found that the most normally reported motivations were easiness of attainment and affordability. Among immature grownup college pupils, prevalence of non-medical prescription opiate maltreatment has been reported between seven and nine per centum in the past month to twelve to fourteen per centum life-time prevalence. One of the most at-risk groups for abuse of and dependence to prescription opiates is the chronic hurting population. When used suitably, opiate hurting medicines are a gilded criterion of attention for serious pain-related conditions ( such as post-operative hurting, neuropathic hurting and so on ) . In an attempt to better manage hurting, the figure of prescriptions for opiate medicines increased 154 % in the ten-year period from 1992 to 2002, even though the population of the United States increased by merely 13 % . Although prescription opiates have been used to handle hurting and better the quality of life among acute and chronic hurting patients, the coming of the drugs ‘ abuse has led to a broad organic structure of literature on normative patterns and monitoring of opiate drugs. There delicate balance between pull offing hurting adequately and the hazard for abuse, dependence and recreation has been discussed in the literature late, mostly among the adolescent/young grownup and chronic hurting populations. Although there is a general deficiency in the literature of the figure of people prescribed opiates for chronic hurting. There is a big organic structure of literature which suggests that the increased figure of prescription opiates for chronic hurting patients has contributed significantly to the drug maltreatment job. In surveies to look into the usage of prescription opiates for chronic hurting, it has been found that hurting intervention programs are thin, good certification on the patient ‘s wellness history and history of substance maltreatment is rare, and opiates are sometimes improperly utilised or non indicated at all.Health Consequences of Opiate AbuseBoth prescription and illicit opiates have the possible to exercise a myriad of ague and chronic negative wellness effects for the user. Neurological diminution, vision alterations, cardiac abnormalcies, vascular complications, pneumonic upsets and mortality have been studied and reported. In a survey of over 500 opiate nuts, electrocardiographic alterations were documented in 61 % of the sample. These ECG alterations included ST-segment lift, which may bespeak ischaemic bosom harm ( or deficiency of oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium ) and QTc protraction ( seen largely with dolophine hydrochloride nuts ) . Prolonged QTc intervals may take to inappropriate triggering of the ventricles and may take to potentially deadly ventricular tachycardia. The usage of diacetylmorphine and other drugs by injection with non-sterile or reused acerate leafs may bring forth powerful toxins in the blood stream taking to endocarditis, left ventricular bleeding and decease. Research workers in Ireland reviewed the autopsy findings from eight instances of diacetylmorphine users and found rapid fatal unwellness caused by the endotoxin Clostridium novyi which caused fatal subendocardial bleeding, spleen expansion and pneumonic hydrops in all of the topics studied. Heroin can do important acute peripheral and cardinal nervous system complications such as neuropathy and hearing loss. In a survey six of endovenous and intranasal diacetylmorphine users admitted to the infirmary for acute unwellness, five had documented rhabdomyolysis between three and 36 hours after disposal of the drug. In each of the five instances, there was no documented injury. Typically rhabdomyolysis occurs after a traumatic, compression-type hurt where enzymes slop into the muscular structure and cause rapid neurological diminution, loss of musculus tone and coma. In each of the topics studied, no injury or compaction hurt occurred. In a group of patients with a reported history of â€Å" speedballing † ( or blending diacetylmorphine and cocaine ) , 2 of the 16 studied experient sudden, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss four hours after â€Å" speedballing † which resolved within three yearss. One extra participant experienced sudden hearing loss after â⠂¬Å" speedballing † but one-sidedly. The mechanism by which the hearing loss occurred was described as a possible cochlear toxicity or autoimmune reaction related straight to the drugs. Injection of drugs of any type can do vascular complications, tegument and soft tissue infections and infective diseases such as hepatitis and HIV. In the most terrible instances, opiate maltreatment may take to decease, by and large from overdose. Heroin has been related to 1.65 deceases per 100,000 people in the Florida population entirely over the last decennary and in Alabama between 1986 and 2003, a reappraisal of medical tester ‘s studies revealed those who ‘s cause of sudden decease was undermined were 5.3 times more likely to hold a history of drug maltreatment. Research workers in the United Kingdom have farther investigated heroin deceases and concluded that overdose related to heroin seldom occurs after the usage of heroin alone- in 50 % of the instances they reviewed, intoxicant was besides involved. Although surveies have been published on the wellness effects of maltreatment itself, a reappraisal of nursing, medical and allied wellness literature shows a important deficiency of surveies on the wellness effects of backdown ( disconnected surcease ) of opiate drugs. Several surveies have been found associating to the usage of pharmacotherapy to handle opiate dependence ( such as dolophine hydrochloride and similar plans ) but no surveies have explored the physiologic effects of backdown without medicine aid. Searching on-line databases for relevant articles on opiate backdown does non give any surveies other than those utilizing medication-assisted backdown therapies ( such as dolophine hydrochloride and buprenorphine ) . This is of import to populations such as inmates in a correctional installation where pharmacotherapy is non by and large used during detoxification and requires farther attending. In amount, the possible health-related effects of opiate maltreatment can negatively impact a myriad of organic structure systems. The hazard of potentially fatal infective disease, neurological and cardiovascular complications and decease by overdose creates a public wellness job that demands attending. Health attention suppliers in all spheres must be able to quickly and suitably place those at hazard.Deductions for Advanced Nursing PracticeNurse practicians are allowed normative authorization in about any province across the state. Depending on the pattern scene, they may order opiates to handle hurting. Opiates are the gilded criterion for handling moderate to severe hurting in both ague and chronic hurting syndromes. There has been some discourse in the literature on the quandary to handle or non to handle hurting with opiates. On the one manus, effectual hurting direction is non merely ethical but besides opiates are effectual for many patients for hurting direction – an d on the other manus there is a fright of abuse, dependance and dependence issues. The ability for advanced pattern nurses to place drug-seeking behaviour, issues with dependence and possible recreation of opiates is important to the job of opiate maltreatment. As it has been documented in the literature, recreation of prescription opiates by and large occurs with the patient merchandising, trading or giving away the medicine to another. Harmonizing to Annie Gerhardt, exigency room nurse practician, â€Å" drug searchers become victims of their ain disease † , going involved in a tangled web of dependence, drug-seeking, drug recreation and condemnable behaviour that escalates over clip with increased drug usage. Gerhardt ( 2004 ) suggests supervising patients treated with opiates for replenishing Master of Educations before their follow up assignments, patient studies of â€Å" losing † medicines, trying to see different suppliers for hurting medicines ( which can norm ally be identified by pharmaceuticss ) , and â€Å" scamming † suppliers for more medicines by congratulating the supplier or the office staff or displaying increased degrees of hurting in order to secure more medicine. When ordering opiates to handle hurting in patients already known to hold dependence issues, utilizing sustained-released preparations may cut down dependence while adequately handling hurting. Sustained-release preparations normally have a reduced street value and are less likely to be sold and diverted, and the backdown from sustained-release opiates is typically non as terrible. In footings of advanced pattern nursing, prescribers have the alone ability to screen for possible dependence issues, monitor those who are prescribed habit-forming medicines and potentially control recreation of those medicines to others for whom they are non prescribed. Ultimately, the cognition of drugs of maltreatment and health-related effects is of import for nurses at all degrees to possess.Deductions for ResearchTo further add to the organic structure of literature on the topic of opiate drug maltreatment, dependence and backdown, several countries still need to be explored. First, forms of drug usage in single populations and communities should be investigated. The types of drugs most normally used, the paths of disposal of these drugs and their negative health-related effects should be studied in a assortment of communities, both urban and rural, to derive a better apprehension of the forms of usage across the state. More research is needed beyond simple prevalence surveies on the figure of people who use to spread out on the existent forms of maltreatment. Similarly, the psychosocial effect of drug usage across different populations needs farther probe in order to joint the negative impact on persons and communities. Because the disconnected surcease of opiate drugs without medicine aid occurs often in specific scenes, more research needs to be done on the physiological effects of non-assisted detoxification. The forms of symptoms of backdown and negative wellness effects among populations such as the incarcerated and the hospitalized demand to be explored. The potency for the development of evidence-based protocols for the direction of maltreatment and backdown in these scenes can happen one time the forms of symptoms and wellness effects are documented.DecisionIn amount, the job of drug maltreatment ( which extends far beyond even opiate drugs ) has been reported in multiple beginnings, and prevalence surveies seem rampant in the literature. However, much more work demands to be done on the effects of drug maltreatment from a health care position across a assortment of populations in different scenes to get down to understand the impact of drugs on communities.

Book Report on “Fathers and Sons” by Ivan Turgenev Essay

â€Å"Fathers and Sons† is, perhaps, the most interesting book by the Russian writer Ivan Turgenev, which gained international recognition. It has been first published in 1862 and concurred with a complicated period of Russian history, known as the â€Å"Great Reforms†. Abolition of serfdom, reforms of administrational system, industrialization and raise of revolutionary ideas caused profound changes in the Russian society and in the minds of people. Turgenev’s book is devoted t this dramatic mental and psychological break. â€Å"Fathers† are old generation who share conservative views and â€Å"sons† are youth, dreaming of revolution and demonstrating nihilism and disrespect towards traditional values. The narrator of the story – Nikolai Petrovitch Kirsanov, is a son of a general, who has been a hero of Napoleonic wars. His life is rather unremarkable. Being unable to serve in the army because of the childhood trauma, he has married and lived happily with his wife till her early death. After that he devoted all his life to his only son Arcady. The novel opens when the older Kirsanov stands before the door of his dominion waiting for his son returning from the university. Finally the son comes back, but he is not alone, he is accompanied by his new university friend Yevgeny Vasil’evich Bazarov. Soon Nikolai Kirsanov finds out, that his son has completely fallen under influence of Bazarov’s nihilistic and realistic views. He dreams of bloody revolutionary changes and disputes with Kirsanov about the future of Russia: â€Å"Aristocracy, liberalism, progress, principles,† said Bazarov. â€Å"Just think what a lot of foreign . . . and useless words! To a Russian they’re no good for anything! â€Å", says he. Further along the novel Bazarov continues to play a role of a â€Å"revolutionary demon†. He is pretty charismatic, so such miserable people as Sitnikov and Kukushkina fall under his influence. Those two are represent a sort of â€Å"progressive thinkers† whose â€Å"progrogressism† comes to be reduced to absurd. They are ready to admire any new nihilistic ideas being completely unable to think of them critically and add any own reasoning to them. Bazarov openly contemns Sitnikov and flirts with Kushkina to allay his boredom. What is really interesting for Bazarov are his disputes with Pavel Petrovitch Kirsanov, older brother of Nikolai Kirsanov They feel antipathy from the very first moment of their acquaintance. Pavel Kirsanov speaks of Bazarov’s nihilism as of an unfounded doctrine existing in vacuum. Bazarov’s manner of thinking is purely utilitarian: â€Å"We act by virtue of what we recognize as useful,† went on Bazarov. â€Å"At present the most useful thing is denial, so we deny†. Pavel strongly disagrees â€Å"But allow me,† began Nikolai Petrovich. â€Å"You deny everything, or to put it more precisely, you destroy everything . . . But one must construct, too, you know. † [33] But Bazarov remains sure, that to construct something it is first necessary to â€Å"Clean the ground†. Perhaps this dispute between Pavel Kirsanov and Bazarov puts forth the basic idea of the book: conflict of conservatism and revolutionary doctrine. In order to iron out the differences between Pavel Kirsanov and Bazarov Arcady tells Bazarov the story of Pavel’s life. Once Pavel was a luminous officer, but love to a woman, duchess R† ruined his life and left him completely drained. Pavel only retained his sophisticated taste, fair manners and Anglomania. Although she is not present in the novel, duchess R† seems to be one of the characters because even after years she continues to determine Pavel’s actions. He asks for satisfaction from Bazarov, when he sees him kissing Fenichka, but the real reason is not Bazarov’s behavior, but that Fenichka somehow reminds Pavel duchess R†. While men in the story are symbols of social classes and positions, women represent something, what can be called â€Å"normal life†, whether it is duchess R† – a symbol of Russian magnificent nobility, Fenichka – a symbol of common sense, or Mme Odintsov. Mme Odintsov is a very special character. On the one hand she is perfectly educated and progressive woman, on the other she does not in any way share Bazarov’s enthusiasm about social cataclysms. She is sure, that society is to be bettered by bettering of human, but not by reconstruction of it’s formation. She asks Bazarov a question which he is unable to directly answer: â€Å"And you suppose,† said Anna Sergeyevna, â€Å"that when society is reformed there will be no longer any stupid or wicked people? † [56] Bazarov starts explaining that a proper society will make no difference, but inside he feels, that Odintsova is right. Love to a woman is so contrary to Bazarov’s views, that he is unable to accept it, putting cynicism on himself, and then leaving her house. He attempts to find some occupation for himself, flirts, fights at a duel and tries to speak about his ideas with peasants. The peasants are in fact those, who are to be enthusiastic about the revolution, at least as Bazarov thinks. So he is unhappily surprised to find out, that peasants do not want to understand complicated teaching and think of him as of a cheat. Bazarov’s ideas collapse: he finds no support both with educated and common people, so he has to recognize, that revolution is actually unnecessary to anyone and that it is nothing more, than a fashionable game. Pavel Kirsanov is right: doctrines of Bazarov exist in vacuum. It is not clear whether Bazarov’s death was a suicide, but his behavior itself is suicidal, and he accepts the certainty of death calmly. The only thing he wants is to say farewell to Odintsova. At his deathbed he openly confessed, that all his prod ideas went down to the pan. He continues to speak of himself as of a giant, but now the only task he puts for himself is to die with dignity. Six month after his death the two couples married: Nikolai Kirsanov to Fenichka and Arcady to Kate – Odintsova younger sister. The normal life continues even after Bazarov’s death, and Arcady, his former confederate, becomes a wealthy landowner, representing an antithesis to Bazarov’s views. Bazarov’s grave is almost forgotten, and only his parents sometimes come to shed tears over it. Although â€Å"Fathers and Sons† is a novel about pre-revolutionary Russia, it’s lesson is useful for all generations. Sons always rise against their fathers, willing to change this world and create a totally new one for themselves. And Turgenev demonstrates how mental dissoluteness and spiritual weakness can destroy even the most sharp-minded person. The whole revolutionary fervor of Bazarov is destroyed by romantic love – the real motivation of the world. At the end of his life â€Å"the demon† feels lost and betrayed, while conservatism triumphs over his grave. Works cited: Ivan Turgenev (1998) Fathers and Sons. Oxford: Oxford University Press