The Incidence Of Alzheimer s Disease Essay - 1380 Words

Etiology The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease is 36 million people worldwide as of 2010, making it the most common cause of senile dementia. 1This number is expected to nearly double, to 65.7 million by 2030.1AD is accompanied by pathological features consistent with brain atrophy and neural cell death. 1The inflammatory response of the brain, that is commonly found in AD, is linked to several factors. 1Amyloid-B, inflammatory cytokines, and sphingolipids are some of the known factors associated with AD. 1Uncontrolled inflammation, from ongoing or chronic complement activation is theorized to impact Alzheimer’s disease, among other diseases. 2 Recent GWAS shows strong evidence that complement receptor CR1 is linked to the development of AD, although the mechanistic basis for the CR1 risk remains largely unknown.2 Pathogenesis Emerging evidence demonstrates neuroinflammation as a crucial pathophysiology of AD, specifically impacted by microglia and astroglia. 3 The microglia are distributed evenly across the brain and are activated by protein aggregation and neuronal cell death. 3 Specifically related to AD, the two chief proteins involved are amyloid-B and tau.3 An accumulation of microglia around amyloid-B plaques has been documented in post-mortem human brains and in animal models with AD.3 Research has yet to clearly determine if microglial activation plays a beneficial or detrimental role in the progression of AD..3 Some reports suggest that microglia are attracted toShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Alzheimer s Disease Research Studies757 Words   |  4 PagesProposed approaches to conducting the research How should the research (involving the prospect of increasing the participation of African Americans in Alzheimer s disease research studies) be conducted? The research involving increased participation of African Americans in Alzheimer s disease research studies will be conducted via the use of a survey, and it will take two years to complete. The survey will sample African Americans living in the Bronx, Queens, Staten Island, ManhattanRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Normal Part Of Aging And That It Isn t Fatal1315 Words   |  6 Pages ii. Research shows that Alzheimer’s disease causes changes in the brain for decades prior to the first symptoms become visible, so even people who seem free of the disease today might be at risk. iii. Alzheimer s disease has no survivors. It s a disease that destroys your brain cells and causes it to malfunction, change memory, which results in unpredictable behaviors and loss of body functions. 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It is basically a condition involving a pathological process along with a set of various symptoms; some easily noticeable whereas others quite difficult to detect, making their treatment process slower. (Healio.com, 2012) Nevertheless, the social and economic impacts followed by the diagnosis of the disease are generally quite drastic. Among the various types of diseases, certainRead MoreCurrent And Future Ad Drug Development Associated Obstacles1062 Words   |  5 Pagesworldwide set to have AD by 2050 (Cummings, Morstorf Zhong 2014; Prince et al. 2015). Figure 3 depicts the different therapeutic pathway being focused on; with 36.5% of trials investigating the development of symptomatic agents and 35.1% focusing on disease-modifying small molecules, with the remaining 23% focusing on immunotherapies, therapeutic devices and stem cell research. Throughout the past decade 244 agents in the United States alone were proposed for marketing, with only one being approvedRead MoreDealing With Dementia Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesmemory and performance issues were due to a disease. (Life with ALZ)† This disease causes the loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. Dementia, is one form of this disease that gradually gets worse over time. It affects memory, thinking, and behavior. (WebMD, 1995) â€Å"Changes that take place in the brains of people. These brain changes may cause the memory loss and decline in other mental abilities that occur with Alzheimers disease. Alzheimer’s generally affects the brai n makingRead MoreThe Health Care Economic Impact1559 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Care Economic Impact Alzheimer’s disease affects an astounding number of people in the U.S and majority of those are senior citizens, which has a significant impact on the economics of the health care system. 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According to the Alzheimer’s Association, in 1906, German physician Alois Alzheimer was â€Å"one of the first to link the symptoms of the disease to the microscopic brain changes.† In 1910, Emil Kraepelin, a German ps ychiatrist who worked with Dr. Alzheimer, first names Alzheimer s Disease in the eighth editionRead MoreCoffee Benefits1019 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits [edit] Reduced risk of Alzheimer s disease Several studies comparing moderate coffee drinkers (about 2 cups a day) with light coffee drinkers (less than one cup a day) found that those who drank more coffee were significantly less likely to develop Alzheimer s disease later in life. [2][3] [edit] Reduced risk of gallstone disease Drinking caffeinated coffee has been correlated with a lower incidence of gallstones and gallbladder disease in both men[4] and women[5] in two studies performedRead MoreDementia With Lewy Bodies ( Dlb )1473 Words   |  6 Pages(DLB) is a type of dementia that shares symptoms with both Alzheimer s disease and Parkinson s disease. It may account for around 10 per cent of all cases of dementia (Alzheimer’s Society, 2016). Lewy refers to the inflammation or neuro-inflammation of the brain (Surendranathan et al, 2015). Both Parkinson s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are age-related diseases, although onset before age 65 years is not uncommon and both diseases are more common in men than in women (Walker et al, 2015)

Ancient Greek Myths Of Tantalus, Medusa, Achilles, And Icarus

Most people have heard a fair amount of stories from Greek mythology, and maybe they even have a favorite. These stories can have any number of different tellings, all with various tones, emotions, and purposes, depending on who wrote them and when they were created. What s most important to me, however, is not their exact replication, but the idea that these stories can be handed down from generation to generation and still hold relevance. I, nonetheless, do have favorites of my own; they are the ancient Greek myths of Tantalus, Medusa, Achilles, and Icarus. Tantalus tale tells of the dangers of narcissism, a thread commonly seen throughout ancient Greek mythology. To set the scene, Tantalus was a vain man who had had multiple run-ins†¦show more content†¦Forever being imprisoned by neverending thirst and hunger, all the great and mischievous Tantalus can do is continue stretching for something that is just out of reach and undeniably tantalizing. This gives the clear mess age that extreme vanity, such as a mortal believing he is superior to the all-powerful gods, has dire consequences. Accompanying Tantalus in his rank as one of the most compelling characters of Greek mythology is Medusa. Not only is she fascinating, but she is also arguably the most understood Greek villain. Sure, her face is recognizable, what with the head of vicious snakes, but her tragic tale and representation of female rage is much less widely known. According to Ovid s Metamorphoses, this frightening gorgon, or one of the three snake-adorning, stone-turning sisters of Greek myth, started out her life as a beautiful woman. Unfortunately however, because of her devastating beauty, the great god Poseidon rapes her in the temple of Athena. Most interpretations then move to an enraged Athena, who, furious at Medusa for defiling her temple, curses her to live her life as a treacherous gorgon. This is mostly, and hopefully, seen as an outrageous reaction by today s society; but in a ncient Greece, women held a much different role, and it was not uncommon for them to be blamed for their own rapef. Because of this surrounding culture, Medusa spends the rest of her mortal life as a gorgon (monstrously ugly or

Econ 256 Final Free Essays

2. Why do economists generally regard median income as a better measure of a typical American’s well-being than mean income? Dfiodifaje 3. Why do the United States, and many other counties, have antitrust laws on the books? What’s so harmful about oligopoly that warrants an entire body of law? The United States and many other countries have antitrust laws on the books to protect their consumers in their different markets. We will write a custom essay sample on Econ 256 Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having the abilities to both raise and lower prices are the reasons that oligopolies are so harmful. . Two consumers go to the insurance company to purchase some life insurance. James is a smoker and a police officer who races motorcycles in his spare time. Kathy is a nonsmoker and a librarian who likes to make quilts in her spare time. The insurance company knows that both consumers are 40 years old, but the company has no information about occupations or hobbies. How does the private information in this situation create an adverse-selection problem? How could the insurance company lessen this problem? Without knowing the background information on the potential clients, insurance companies are without the ability to see that while James is risking his life as a police officer, he is also a smoker and racer. He’s putting his life on the line and still increasing the risk of injuries. The insurance should have a line on their application that asks for applicants for their occupation, whether they are smokers or if they drink, and lastly what they enjoy doing in their spare time. With having this information, the company can see what each of the individuals really needs insurance-wise. 6. Jane works part-time and earns $12,000 per year. Because she is below the poverty line, she also earns $4,000 in various welfare benefits. Suppose she is offered a new job that would pay her $15,000 and would bring her earnings high enough so that she no longer qualified for any welfare benefits. This is what is known as a â€Å"notch†. Explain what is happening with Jane and how could we modify the system to eliminate the notch. How to cite Econ 256 Final, Papers

American Slavery free essay sample

Give and explain three reasons why African slaves were brought to North America before American independence in 1776? Word count: 1630 Depleted land In Barbados forced planters and slaves to establish new sugar plantations in the southern states of North America. With this move came the discovery Of an untouched and fertile continent ripe for colonization. European nations raced to secure a piece of the new world. This new land provided an opportunity to strengthen the economy of the European nations thereby giving them the means to protect their empires.Initially slaves were required to fulfill the labor demand of setting up colonies in North America. This included building family farms and plantations. Once colonies in North America became well established the colonists began to diversify their crops. This increased the need for labor encouraging the Atlantic slave trade to prosper. The number of slaves required could only be met from Africa. No other continent was as easily accessible or offered such a robust race of people to cope with slavery. Europeans established a strong economy by trading African slaves across the Atlantic to North America.Slavery was a self- perpetuating industry until the declaration of independence was written. The declaration forced the states to re-examine their ideas about freedom and what they wanted freedom to look like in their new nation. Labor was a driving force in bringing such large numbers of African slaves to North America. The first colonists required a large amount of labor to create family farms . This included clearing land, building barns, houses and fences, planting crops and raising herds of livestock. Once the family farms were established they became less demanding on time.The settlers used their newfound free time to experiment with new crops. The need for more slaves grew as the settlers diversified their production activities. In the Chesapeake tobacco was the primary crop grown for export to Europe. When war in Europe and low prices slowed the demand for tobacco the colonists turned to wheat and rye to maintain their trading economy. Local trading between colonies was also started as a result of the growing range of goods and produce coming from each estates. Sugar was the initial produce to come from the southern States.As the African slaves showed their prowess for litigating rice it replaced the supply of sugars. There was more variety in the use of slaves in the middle colonies. As well as clearing land and working on farms some slaves were put to use in construction, maintenance of public buildings and forts 1 IPPP. Pre-American slavery had a different priority. Slaves in the Ottoman empire were used for the day to day running of households or as concubines to provide legitimate heirs, 10. Some slaves would be taught the appropriate cultural skills for their intended location.This might include such things as Jewish dietary laws, singing, dancing and new languages. In the Ottoman Empire the demanding physical labor was carried out by tenants rather than slaves. Tenants would pay a percentage of their profit to their masters. Slaves in the Ottoman Empire were more commonly captured during raids or campaigning. Religion provided some motivation for taking slaves in the Ottoman Empire as a means for gathering more followers. The intention was either to convert them or punish them for their sins if they would not convert.Conversion did not necessarily result In freedom. However a converted slave could now marry someone of the same religion giving them a slight rise in statuses. Jews and Muslims maintained similar structures in that Slave could freed after a set period of time usually one or two years. A slave might also be able buy their freedom if they could produce the original amount they were purchased for 10. None of these ideals prevailed in North America. Instead the priority for physical labor determined the type and number of slaves being brought from Africa. Africa provided a favorable solution to the lack of white indentured slaves immigrating to North America. Without sufficient numbers of indentured servants there was not enough labor available to keep up with demand 1 peg 48. Mastering the prevailing winds of the Atlantic Ocean led traders down the West African coastline providing easy access to slavishness-22, 13. The primary winds blow in a clockwise direction over the North Atlantic and an anticlockwise direction over the South Atlantic. Secondary trade winds carry ships closer to shore all the way up and down both sides of the Atlantic 13.European traders could easily sail in a triangle down the West African coast, across the Atlantic to the Americas and back up to Europe. Coastal Africans were particularly vulnerable to European slavers because their sedentary lifestyle left them defenseless Pl 346. As the Europeans competed for trade between the three continents Africans recognized the demand for slaves. They responded by setting up their own trade caravans bringing slaves from inland regions to the seacoasts. They could easily trade slaves with European ships in return for desirable goods and spices.As well as an easily accessible location Africa provided a race of people who were more cooperative in nature pop than Indians or white slaves. Indians were defiant due to the lack of a tribal structure and the inability to continue practicing their religion. Unlike Africans the Indian slaves could not monomaniac with the Europeans. White indentured servants were also more demanding than African Slaves. After serving for a set period of time the indentured servant would expect not only his freedom but also some land in return for his services. The African slave also possessed a higher immunity to diseases.Previous exposure to yellow fever and malaria provided immunity for Africans making them more desirable than Whiteness or Indians. Indians could escape to back to their homes and indentured white servants could run away and blend into society. Black slaves could do neither of these things pop. Blending in was impossible due to their appearance and they had no way of getting back home without passage on a ship and proof of freedom IPPP. Africa provided both the best and the most cost effective resource of labor for the new world. Africans slaves were more economical than white or Indian slaves. Pa. An African slave cost the same amount as a white slave but the white slave would only serve for his period of time and then expect land. The African slave was bought for the duration of his life 0. Indian slaves Were not cost effective because they quickly fell victim to the level of demanding labor coupled with poor diet and a lack of immunity against disease. With their pre- disposed immunity Africans lived three to five times longer than white servants. This provided a better return for the owner since the period of productivity was extended. As the economies of the colonies flourished slavery became an economy in itself. Inhabitants of the northern colonies learned that slaves could not earn enough through labor to cover their own costs 2. The land was barren and the climate not favorable for planting. The close proximity of slaves to one another in towns made it easier for them to plan rebellions. Instead of putting slaves to labor the northern colonies made an industry out of selling African slaves to the west Indies. Slavery flourished in the southern states because of the fertility of the soil and the mild climate 2.Owning slaves also raised social status in the South. A person who could afford slaves was seen as wealthy and therefore respected and influentially. The conflicting ideals about slavery between north and south were realized with the writing of the declaration of independence. The northern colonies started to consider that slavery went against the very freedoms they were trying to establishing 20. The first few lines of the declaration were a complete contradiction to the institution of slavery. The end of slavery did not come immediately with the declaration in IPPP 120.However around thirty years after the declaration of independence slavery was abolished in the northern colonies 20. Although it took another eighty years the southern States eventually followed suites 20. The creation of the declaration of independence led to the realization in northern states that slavery contradicted the intended vision of freedom for the United States. The heavy reliance on slaves in the southern states caused hem to argue that freedom granted the right to own slaves. The decision to avoid addressing slavery in the constitution meant that each individual state could write their own laws about the ownership of slaves.African slaves proved to be the best source for North America in both cost and quality. African slaves could provide a return on their cost within a year of purchase where it might take 10 years to regain the cost of a white servant. Immunity against disease coupled with the ability to cope with the demanding physical labor made Africans good stock for slavery. The added benefit to using laves from Africa was that they could not simply run away. They would be easily recognized and had no way of getting home. Labor was the primary reason to search for slaves.Upon arrival in North America settlers had to clear land in order to create room for farms. Building farms, raising herds of livestock and creating large plantations was also laborious work. Once farms were established settlers could turn their attention to diversifying produce and making goods for both regional and international trade. The required amount of labor could only be met with African slaves. There were not enough white servants immigrating to the colonies and they were too expensive. Indians proved troublesome because they were too defiant and could easily run away back to their homes.Slavery was not a new institution created by the colonies. However the social, political and economical structure of slavery in North America was unique to any that existed before it.